CD44 Expression in Microglia of the Retina and Cerebellum of Developing and Adult Chicken / 체질인류학회지

CD44 is a transmembrane protein that acts as a receptor for an adhesion molecule, hyaluronic acid. The type of cells expressing CD44 and roles of CD44 are still controversial and need to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to examine the type of cells expressing CD44 and the changes in their distribution in the retina and the cerebellum of the developing and adult chicken. Embryonic day 14 (E14) and post-hatch day 90 (P90) chickens were used in this study. CD44-immunoreactive (ir) cells were observed both in the retina and the cerebellum of the two developmental stages examined. In the retina of E14, CD44-ir cells were mainly located in the nerve fiber layer. In adults, most of the CD44-ir cells were in the nerve fiber layer and some were dispersed in other layers of the retina. In the cerebellum of E14, CD44-ir cells were distributed throughout the cerebellar cortex, including the external and internal granular layers. CD44-ir cells were more frequently found in the cerebellum of P90 adult chickens than in that of E14 embryos. At higher magnification, CD44-ir cells showed ramified cytoplasmic processes irradiating from their cell bodies. In the retina and in the cerebellum of all ages examined, double staining showed that most of the CD44-ir cells also expressed RCA-1, a marker of microglia. In contrast to that, at the same locations, GFAP and CD44 were not co-expressed in cells. When the adult retina was stimulated by LPS, CD44 immunoreactivity increased, and CD44-ir cells were also RCA-1-positive. The present results indicated that CD44 was expressed in microglia of the retina and the cerebellum of the developing and adult chicken even in normal conditions, and microglial CD44 expression was increased upon LPS stimulation.

Assessment of Formaldehyde Concentrations in an Anatomy Laboratory Equipped Dissecting Tables with Inbuilt Exhaust and an Air Diffuser/Return System / 체질인류학회지

Formaldehyde (FA) used for preserving the body for anatomy dissection is harmful to the human body. In many countries, for the purpose of protecting the health of workers in the industrial field, the maximal allowable air concentration of FA has been set. The threshold limit values of time weighted average (TLV-TWA) and short-term exposure limit (TLV-STEL) of FA recommended by Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL) of Korea are less than 0.5 and 1 ppm, respectively. In the United States and Europe, TLV-TWAs of FA are recommended at between 0.3 and 2 ppm. In this study, we compared the air concentration of FA to domestic and foreign standards of FA in an anatomy laboratory equipped dissecting tables with inbuilt exhaust and an air diffuser/return system. We installed ten elevated dissection tables, 18 air diffusers on the ceiling, and 10 air returns at the bottom of both side walls. The concentration of FA was measured at five sites in the anatomy laboratory and above the cadavers on the dissecting tables at a height of 1.5 m from the floor using a Formaldemeter. The average concentration of FA in the anatomy laboratory (five sites) was 0.31 ppm (0.45 mg/m³), range 0.21 to 0.41 ppm (0.26~0.51 mg/m³). The average concentration of FA above the cadavers was 0.45 ppm (0.56 mg/m³), range 0.31 to 0.64 ppm (0.39~0.80 mg/m³). The average TWA of FA in the anatomy laboratory was 0.19 ppm (0.24 mg/m³), range 0.13 to 0.26 ppm. The average TWA of FA above the cadavers was 0.28 ppm (0.35 mg/m³), range 0.19 to 0.40 ppm. The anatomy laboratory dissecting tables equipped with inbuilt exhaust and air diffuser/return system met the criteria of the FA concentration recommended by MOEL of Korea and most foreign countries. This study was the first evaluation of the air concentration of FA in an anatomy laboratory equipped dissecting tables with inbuilt exhaust and an air diffuser/return system in Korea. We expect it will be not only used as a standard of comparison for anatomy laboratories, but as a reference for design and construction to improve air quality in Korean Medical Colleges.

Variant Origin of Obturator Artery: A Branch of Inferior Epigastric Artery from External Iliac Artery / 체질인류학회지

The obturator artery normally originates from the internal iliac artery. However, variation in the origin of obturator artery has been reported in many countries. Since no such case has been reported in Korea, we examined variations in the origin of obturator artery in cadavers donated to the medical school at the Chungbuk National University. Thirty-six pelvic halves from 18 cadaveric subjects (13 males and 5 females) were studied in this study. Normal origin of the obturator artery from the internal iliac artery was observed in 88.9% (16/18) of cadavers or in 91.7% (33/36) of pelvic halves. A variation in the origin of obturator artery was observed in 11.1% (2/18) of cadavers or in 8.3% (3/36) of pelvic halves. All of the variant obturator arteries originated from external iliac arteries as branches of inferior epigastric arteries. Bilateral presence of variant obturator arteries was observed in 5.6%(1/18) of cadavers. The obturator artery arose from inferior epigastric artery at a distance of 1 to 2.4 cm from origin point of inferior epigastric artery, and then the obturator artery ran inferiorly and medially with the inferior epigastric artery running superiorly and laterally. Presence of variant obturator artery would be important to clinical fields with interest to pelvic anatomy, such as radiology and surgery.

Social Characteristics of the Registrant of the Body Donation Program in Medical School of Chungbuk National University / 체질인류학회지

In order to maintain the donation of the human bodies required for medical education and research, we investigated social characteristics of those who have signed up to the donation program. The data registered in Chungbuk National University were analyzed and then compared to those registered in 9 of other universities in Korea. In addition, a telephone survey was performed for 128 registrants of Chungbuk National University. The number of registrants was rapidly increased after 1999 and the donation of body was sufficient for medical education and research after 2005. The number of registrants of Chungbuk after 2005 shows gradual increase whereas 10 other schools shows slight decrease. The age of registrants at signing up to the program showed the largest proportion in seventies (33.9%), followed by sixties (28.9%) and fifties (22%). Multiple registration which means two or more registrants from one family represented 40.9%. After the use of cadaver and cremation, most of the bereaved family preferred to keep and visit the cremains in the charnel house of medical school more than to carry out the school. By the telephone survey, 71% of the registrants answered they are in middle or upper middle class of living, and 77% responded that the motivation was voluntary for the society without any reward. Based on the present results we could expect the body donations will reasonably maintaine. Most of dornors have pure motivation without any reward from the school. Keeping their cremains at charnel house of the medical school were strongly favored so it is important to make enough facilities and management system as well.

Characterization of the antigenic phenotype of alphaB-crystallin-expressing peripapillary glial cells in the developing chick retina / 대한해부학회지

Radial glia are transdifferentiated into astrocytes within the developing brain and spinal cord. The neural retina contains Muller cells, which are retinal radial glia. Some of the cells that surround the optic nerve head among Muller cells in the chicken retina are called peripapillary glial cells (PPGCs). PPGCs express different molecules compared to typical Muller cells. However, an antigenic PPGC phenotype has not yet been clearly established. In this study, we classified the antigenic PPGC phenotypes and identified the differentiation stages of these cells. At embryonic day (E)8, alphaB-crystallin-positive PPGCs had a bipolar shape with long processes that traversed entire layers of the retina. Pax2 and vimentin were expressed in alphaB-crystallin-positive PPGCs. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity was not observed in PPGCs. At E18, alphaB-crystallin immunoreactivity disappeared from the vitread processes of PPGCs. However, the PPGC cell bodies and ventricular processes contained alphaB-crystallin protein, and the PPGCs retained the same Pax2-positive/vimentin-positive/GFAP-negative profile as that seen at E8. At post-hatch day 120, alphaB-crystallin and Pax2 immunoreactivity was not observed, but vimentin and GFAP expression was clearly observed in the presumptive location of the PPGCs. Furthermore, these two proteins overlapped within that location. Considering that vimentin expression is prolonged until the post-hatching period in chicken brain, these findings suggest that Pax2-negative/vimentin-positive/GFAP-positive PPGCs are phenotypically identical to mature astrocytes in this avian species.

Detection of alphaB-crystallin mRNA using Single-stranded DNA Probe in Oligodendrocytes of the Developing Chick Retina / 체질인류학회지

In situ hybridization (ISH) using single-stranded DNA probe (ssDNA probe) is a useful method for observing the specific transcripts in cells, since it is convenient to prepare probe which is specific and sensitive. In this study, ssDNA probe for detection of alphaB-crystallin (aBC) mRNA, transcript of a heat shock protein, was prepared and aBC mRNA-expressed cells were spatiotemporally observed in the retina of the developing chick embryos. Single-stranded antisense probe produced by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction was identified as a specific probe for aBC mRNA in comparison to negative control using sense probe and immunohistochemistry for aBC protein. In the ISH experiment, aBC mRNA was expressed only in the peripapillary glial cells which are a specific cell type located in the avian retina adjacent to the optic nerve at E12 and E14 retinas. At E16, a small number of aBC mRNA-expressed cells were identified in the nerve fiber layer (NFL) of the retina. At E18, aBC mRNA-expressed cells were observed in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) as well as the NFL. At E20, the number of aBC mRNA-expressed cells was increased in the GCL and the NFL. Based on the same localization of nkx2.2 immunoreactive cells and aBC mRNA-expressed cells, aBC mRNA-expressed cells were identified as oligodendrocytes. These results indicate that ssDNA probe for aBC mRNA detection is very useful tool for oligodendrocyte research such as distribution, migration and differentiation of the cells.

Becoming a Doctor through Learning Anatomy: Narrative Analysis of the Educational Experience / 체질인류학회지

Medical education is the process of transforming a layman into a medical professional. Anatomy is a major, primary subject for students entering medical school. How students learn anatomy is important for becoming a doctor. The object of this study is to determine what influences students to get their values and attitudes as an altruistic healer, and to develop professional competence from educational courses in the medical school. We focused on how the lessons and disciplines of the anatomy course guided medical students to become doctors. Interviews of narrative inquiry were conducted in which the students and graduates talked about the experience of learning in their course-work. Anatomy is an important subject for medical students, at both the cognitive and the emotional level. Through learning anatomy, students adapt their emotions and attitudes to the medical profession and become bona fide medical students. They face very stressful condition at first, but they learn how to adapt to their circumstances. They studied with passion, and could develop their own way of studying. Besides, they felt that they were gradually becoming health experts by learning medical terminology, and could enhance their professionalism by practicing anatomy. Indelible experiences in dissection laboratory and rite in memory of cadaver donors evoke deep reflection on thankfulness and altruism. This study addressing the issue of altruistic professionalism in anatomy will have to be continued by following students into the preclinical and clinical years. Public concerns with commercialism in teaching hospitals and schools are also emphasized.

Expression of HSP27 and alphaB-crystallin in Avian Cerebellum during Development / 대한해부학회지

It is well known that small heat shock proteins play a role as molecular chaperone. However, during normal development of the cerebellum, expression and distribution of HSP27 and alphaB-crystallin (alphaBC) which are small heat shock proteins have not been reported. To verify the protective role of HSP27 and alphaBC in neurons and glial cells, we examined the expression and distribution of HSP27 and alphaBC in the developing chick cerebellum using immunoblot, immunohistochemical and double immunofluorescence staining. Expression of both HSP27 and alphaBC was first identified in the cerebellum of the embryonic day 14 (E14) embryo, and was increased at E18. Double immunofluorescence analysis with myelin-basic protein (MBP) demonstrated that alphaBC positive (+) cells were mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. alphaBC+ cells were observed in the white matter of the E14 cerebellum. At E18, there were a number of alphaBC+ cells in the white matter and a few cells in the granular layer of the gray matter. On the other hand, HSP27+ cells were observed in the white matter and the Purkinje cell layer at E14. At E18, HSP27+ signals were observed in Purkinje cells and neurons of cerebellar nucleus as well as oligodendrocytes in the white matter and the granular layer. The results that HSP27 and alphaBC were expressed in specific neurons and glial cells in the developing cerebellum suggest that HSP27 and alphaBC may be involved in the protective mechanism for the apoptosis of neurons and the physiological stress occurred in oligodendrocyts during cell maturation.

Genetic and Environmental Factors of Two-phalanged Fifth Toe in Korean / 체질인류학회지

Anatomically, we have known that the first toe is composed of 2 phalangeal bones (proximal and distal phalanx) and the second, third, fourth, fifth toe are composed of 3 phalangeal bones (proximal, middle, and distal phalanx). But in Korean the 5th toe is commonly seen as 2 phalangeal bones in foot plain X-ray. In this study, we observed the numbers of phalangeal bones of fifth toe in Korean and analyzed the relation with several environmental factors and genetic factor. The data of occupation, age, body weight and foot length as well as the foot radiograph were obtained in 175 persons without any foot lesion. With the coorperative persons among them showing triphalangeal 5th toe as the index cases, radiograph of 12 family were studied to analyse the pedigree. As result, total frequency of the 5th toe symphalangism was 74.29% (male 74.2%, female 73.36%). There was no statistical difference between male and female. The bilaterality of the symphalangism was 98.46%. The occupation group were farmer, labor, self-support, white collar, student, housewife, there was no correlation between the kind of occupation and the frequency of the symphalangism. Also there was no correlation between body weight or foot length and the symphalangism. In conlusion, the two-phalanged fifth toe might be related with genetic factor rather than several environmental factors such as sex, age, occupation, body weight and length of foot. From the pedigree study we concluded the genetic trait of the triphalangism might be the autosomal recessive.

Physical Anthropologic Characteristics of the Auricle through the Metric and Non-metric Analysis in Korean Young Adults / 체질인류학회지

The auricle, which has a subtle structure, is an element that conveys signs of age or sex and decides the facial characteristic. The anatomy of the auricle differs in each individual as well as in each race. Therefore, the anatomy of the auricle can be useful for physical anthropologist to classify the race of a person or for a forensic anthropologist to identify the body of dead person. Also, a standard measurement of a normal ear is required for plastic surgeons to reconstruct an ear or artists to express the ear. Studies on the auricle of Caucasians and Koreans have been reported. However, further study on the classification of the location and shape of the auricle is necessary. The authors investigated the metric and non-metric characteristics to obtain basic data that display physical anthropologic features. Seven hundreds and thirty three Koreans under 39 years old and over 18 years old were examined. Metric items investigated were the length of the auricle, width of the auricle, morphological width of the ear, physiognomic ear length, physiognomic ear breadth, morphologic ear breadth, length of the ear cartilage, length of the ear lobule, and the height of the tragus. Non-metric items investigated were the location of the ear, shape of the helix and antihelix, and the attaching shape of the lobule. According to the metric results, all measured values were significantly greater in males than females, and there was a sexual difference except the width of the auricle, length of the ear lobule, and the height of the tragus. In non-metric results of the auricle, cases where the superaurale was located at the upper area of the eyebrow line and cases where the superaurale was between the eyebrow line and the upper eyelid showed similar rates among males. However, in 87.5% of the female group, the superaurale was located between the eyebrow line and the upper eyelid. The major shape of the helix were oval type (32.6%) and quadrilateral type (30.5%) in males, but oval type (32.7%) and triangular type (33.0%) in females. We believe that the data obtained in this study have generated standard measurements for ear reconstruction and can be used as basic data that show physical anthropologic characteristics of the Korean auricle.

Relationship between Systemic Inflammatory Marker, Oxidative Stress and Body Mass Index in Stable COPD Patient / 결핵및호흡기질환

BACKGROUND: The main factors associated with weight loss in patients with COPD are not well known. Since chronic inflammation and oxidative stress play a major pathogenic role in COPD, these factors may be responsible for the patients' weight loss. Therefore, this study measured the body mass index (BMI) in COPD patients and evaluated the variables, such as systemic inflammatory marker, oxidative stress and lung function, that correlate with the BMI. METHOD: The stable COPD patients (M:F=49:4, mean age=68.25+/-6.32) were divided into the lower (25) BMI group. The severity of the airway obstruction was evaluated by measuring the FEV1. The serum IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels were measured to determine the degree of systemic inflammation, and the carbonyl protein and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha level was measured to determine the level of oxidative stress. Each value in the COPD patients and normal control was compared with the BMI. RESULTS: 1) Serum 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha in COPD patients was significantly higher (456.08+/-574.12 pg/ml) than that in normal control (264.74+/-143.15 pg/ml) (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the serum IL-6, TNF-alpha, carbonyl protein between the COPD patients and normal controls. 2). In the COPD patients, the FEV1 of the lower BMI group was significantly lower (0.93+/-0.25L) than that of the normal BMI (1.34+/-0.52L) and higher BMI groups (1.72+/-0.41L) (p<0.05). The lower FEV1 was significantly associated with a lower BMI in COPD patients (p=0.002, r=0.42). The BMI of very severe COPD patients was significantly lower (19.8+/-2.57) than that of the patients with moderate COPD (22.6+/-3.14) (p<0.05). 3). There were no significant differences in the serum IL-6, TNF-alpha, carbonyl protein and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha according to the BMI in the COPD patients. CONCLUSION: The severity of the airway obstruction, not the systemic inflammatory markers and oxidative stress, might be associated with the BMI in stable COPD patients. Further study will be needed to determine the factors associated with the decrease in the BMI of COPD patients.

Two-phalanged Fifth Toe in Korean Children / 체질인류학회지

Radiographic research was performed to know the frequency of two-phalanged fifth toe and its relation to presence of the ossification centers in normal Korean children. Previous study showed more than 74% of the incidence in adulthood and less than 30% in childhood. Fifty children (33 male and 17 female, aged 2 to 15; mean age 9.6) were studied by plain foot radiographs focused on the fifth toe. In the 3~8 yr old 20 subjects, secondary ossification center of distal phalangeal bone was seen as a ossicle (small bone) placed at proximal to the distal phalanx. Secondary ossification center of middle phalangeal bone and the bony shaft of the phalanx was hard to distinguish. So keeping up the objectivity, regardless of distinguishable ossification center or the bony shaft of phalanges, ossicles seen on the 5th toe was counted to classify the presumptive type of the toe. Epiphyseal ossification center of proximal phalanx was excluded from the count. There were three types of the fifth toe which has 2 ossicles to 4 ossicles. Overall incidence of the type of 2 ossicles was 24% (12/50). Above 12 yr old group the incidence was 61% (11/18), and above 13 yr old group the incidence was 75% (9/12). The incidence of biphalangism came closer to the adult's after late childhood. This finding represent that progress of biphalangealization completed after late childhood. It seems that the progress starts earlier than 3 yr old. We made the hypothesis by the incidence of 30% (6/20) of the type which has 4 ossicles on the fifth toe at 3~8 yr old group. Four ossicles might be a secondary ossification center of distal phalanx and the bony shaft of distal, middle and proximal phalanx. They might form a distal interphalageal joint and the triphalangeal toe. To know more about the morphogenesis of biphalalngeal 5th toe, further progressive study in childhood is needed.

In situ hybridization Study on the Age-related Changes of Ghrelin mRNA Expression in Rat Stomach / 대한해부학회지

Ghrelin is a recently identified member of growth hormone secretagogue, which is synthesized as peptide of 28 amino acids in stomach, pituitary and intestines. Ghrelin controls food intake, and induces gastric acid secretion. It has been reported that synthesis and secretion of ghrelin changes according to age of animals. In this study, in situ hybridization technique with digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe is applied to elucidate the developmental change of ghrelin mRNA expression pattern in rat stomach. Ghrelin mRNA positive cells first appeared in stomach of 9 day rats, mainly in base of gastric glands. It showed the highest density and spread to neck area of the gastric gland in 6 week rats. Number of positive cells decreased significantly in 18 months. Most of ghrelin mRNA positive cells were found as closed-type endocrine cells in fundus area. These results suggest that ghrelin expression may be involved in development and ageing process.

Change of Morphologic Pelvis According to Age in Korean Women : Radiologic Study / 체질인류학회지

The morphological change of pelvis in obstetrical part is very important for the partruition and its analysis is also critical in anthropological part studying the morphological differences between male and female pelvises by age. The measurement of dry bones is currently used for analyzing the changes, but this method has some difficulties including in sampling the dry bones. To solve this problem and analyze the morphological changes of pelvis accurately, we used the X -ray photographic films showing whole pelvis, vertebrae, and femur. The whole pelvis and proximal femur's X -ray photographies were taken from 506 individuals who were over 20 - year old age, non -pregnant, and normal posture Korean females. And the several values from the photographies were measured for analysis including maximum pelvic breadth (MPB), sacral breadth (SB), transverse diameter of pelvic inlet (TD), distance between ischial spines (ISD), distance between femoral heads (IHD), and distance between greater trochanters of femur (ITD). The results revealed that the TD values were highly correlated to other pelvic items, but not to ages, suggesting that TD is not anatomically changed to the correlation of parturition times. Also, the IHD values were highly related to the ITD and TD values, but the ISD values had relatively low correlations with MPB and ITD values. Depending on ages, the MPB values were gradually increased, while the ITD values were gradually decreased, indicating that these morphological changes of pelvis by ages are reflecting an aging process.

Dermatoglyphic Characteristics of the Korean Patients with Numeral Aberrations of Chromosome / 체질인류학회지

Dermatoglyphics (fingerprints, palmprints, and palm creases) are helpful in early diagnosis of numeral aberrations of chromosome, each of which has specific dermatoglyphic characteristics. In this study, for early diagnosis of numeral aberrations of chromosome in the Korean population, the dermatoglyphic characteristics of the Korean patients who had various numeral aberrations of chromosome were compared with those of the normal Korean people. The hands of 28 Korean patients, who were previously diagnosed to have numeral aberrations of chromosome (24 Down, 1 Turner, 2 Klinefelter, and 1 cri du chat syndromes) by karyotyping, were imprinted to the paper using watersoluble ink; their dermatoglyphic characteristics were analyzed, and compared with those of 3,216 normal Korean people. In fingerprints of the patients with Down syndrome, ulnar loop pattern was frequent whereas whorl pattern was infrequent, which was more prominent in Mongolian than in Caucasian. In palmprints of the patients with Down syndrome, distances not only between a and b but also between b and c were short; and D was frequently found to traverse the palm. In palm creases of the patients with Down syndrome, palm creases were frequently found to join together; and the total degree of transversality of the normal and simian creases was high whereas that of the Sydney crease was low. In fingerprints of the patients with Turner (XO) and Kinefelter (XXY) syndromes, the X chromosome count was inversely proportional to the total ridge count. These results showed that there is a close relationship between dermatoglyphics and numeral aberrations of chromosome in the Korean population. In order to use dermatoglyphics as a more helpful diagnostic tool, dermatoglyphics of the more patients with numeral aberrations of chromosome should be analyzed using various methods.

Two-Phalanged Fifth Toe in Korean / 체질인류학회지

Except for the hallux, the human toes classically present three phalanges, distal, middle and proximal. However in 5th toe, only two phalanges are frequently observed. In this condition, known as synarthrosis of the distal interphalangeal joint, the middle and distal phalanges are fused together to appear as symphalangism or biphalangeal 5th toe. Phalanges of 5th toe was investigated in 1,187 cases of Korean radiographs. The incidence of symphalangism was found to be 74% in 1,150 adult. The bilaterality was 99%. To prove proove the genetic basis of the symphalangism, pedigree studies were performed. The symphalangism of the 5th toe was supposed to be an autosomal dominant trait. As an phenotype of recessive homozygote the triphalaneal subjects were traced to investigate their families. Pedigrees of four families in which both parents had triphalangea of 5th toe showed that their offsprings always showed the triphalangea. Therefore, it suggests the symphalangism inherit as a Mendelian dominant trait and it seems to be an example of microevolution or genetic adaptation to bipedalism.

Morphology of Fingerprints in Koreans / 체질인류학회지

Fingerprints have been used for personal identification, for revealing physical anthropological characteristics, and for diagnosing genetic disorders. Morphology of fingerprints has been analyzed in various tribes. However, in Korean, the analytical methods of fingerprints and the numbers of subjects were not sufficient to find standard values for Korean fingerprints. In this study, fingerprints of 3216 Koreans (2095 males and 1121 females) were analyzed using the various methods and compared with those of other tribes to contribute in revealing physical anthropological characteristics of Korean and also in diagnosing genetic disorders of Korean. The results were as follows. 1. The incidence of ulnar loop type, whorl type, radial loop type, and arch type was 50.4%, 42.9%, 3.8%, and 2.9%, respectively. Data from the comparison of the incidences of fingerprint types in Korean with those in various tribes lead us to conclude that Korean belongs to the Asians and becomes closer to the Whites and Blacks in which loop type is frequent and whorl type is not frequent. 2. Fingerprint type seems to be related to the strength of finger since whorl type was frequent in male and in right hand, and arch type was frequent in female and in left hand. In addition, loop of fingerprint appears to have the tendency to open to the side bearing more physical contact since radial loop type was frequent in second finger, and ulnar loop type was frequent in fifth finger. 3. Among the subtypes of fingerprint, morphologically simple types were common. Among the subtypes of arch types, simple arch type with the same number of radial dermal ridges as ulnar ones was the most common. Among the subtypes of loop types, ulnar loop type without concentric circles or spirals was the most common. Among the subtypes of whorl types, concentric whorl type without loops was the most common. 4. Finger ridge counts were 16.9, 13.9, 11.9, 11.3, and 11.2 in first, fourth, third, second, and fifth finger, respectively; and were greater in male than in female. Finger ridge counts are greater in fingers which shows whorl type. However, there would be other factors to determine finger ridge counts; for examples, the size and behavioral habit of finger.

Use of Computer Telecommunication for Research and Education: Runnin ANATOMY Forum in Korean BBS for 1 year / 대한의료정보학회지

"The computer-based electronic academy of anatomy as the ideal goal", we made this concept to a reality by establishing ANATOMY forum in a nationwide bulletin board system. The concept of ANATOMY forum was designed at a small group meeting of members in Korean Association of Anatomist on October, 1992. Beginning on October 8, 1993, ANATOMY forum offers bulletins, file transfers and citizen band emulation for the anatomist as well as anyone who wants to join. We are providing library area for file transfer with four different library sections-EDUCATION, RESEARCH, INFORMATION OF ACADEMIC SOCIETY and ANATOMY IN GENERAL. In the bulletins we have two kinds of message area. One includes five message sections for the use of all members, consisting of NOTICE, LIBRARY INFORMATION, FOR MEDICAL PERSONNEL, QUESTION and ANSWER and MISCELLANEOUS NOTEBOOK. The another message area is for the executive use of anatomist, including five sections-EDUCATION, LABORATORY, RESTING PLACE, ACADEMIC SOCIETY and CONFERENCE ROOM. Currently we have 115 useful files in the library section, and more than 4,000 informative messages in the bulletins. The number of members of ANATOMY forum is now over than 1,000 including 48 anatomists of the most medical schools in Korea. The majority of the members are medical personnel and medical students. The ANATOMY forum is a group of people who wants to exchange ideas and informations on medical science and anatomy-related topics.

Immunohistochemical Localization of a Dopamine Releasing Protein in Human Brain / 체질인류학회지

In order to elucidate the existence and locality of DARP in the human brain, immunohistochemical identification was done in the brain tissues. This glycoprotein was distributed in paraventricular nucleus and thalamic reticular nucleus of diencephalon, substantia nigra and inferior colliculus of mesencephalon, medial vestibular nucleus, medial longitudinal nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus of medulla oblongata. And they follows a close distribution to that of catecholamine (CA) rich in either CA fiber or CA neuronal cell groups as previously reported by others using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as a marker. This striking similarities in the topographic arrangement of the DARP-positive reaction product and the TH-positive reaction product is another argument favoring the view that DARP is involved in the regulation of catecholaminergic neurons.

Localization and expression of LHRH mRNA and its local action in the rat testis / 대한해부학회지

No abstract available.